Women are overwhelmingly “overrepresented in unpaid internships,” according to data cited by Bloomberg, which lowers the floor for their pay even before they start working. Among graduates of four-year colleges and universities last year, two-thirds of the men landed paid internships, compared to less than half of women — though 70% of the graduates were female, a survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers showed. While many consider internships “a rite of passage to networking opportunities and, eventually, high-paying employment,” per Bloomberg, those that are unpaid tend to lead to less secure job prospects.

• Paid interns were more likely to receive higher starting salaries, which partially explains why men earn about $11,000 more than women in their first year out of college.

By Cate Chapman, Editor at LinkedIn News

The Gender Pay Gap Starts Even Before You Get Hired

With women overrepresented among unpaid interns, their pay often lags men’s from the very start.

Nathalie Ramirez Rojas spent the spring of her junior year at Baruch College splitting her time over two equally formidable tasks: acing her exams and scouring job boards for a paid internship in the social sciences.

“I actually saw an internship when I was applying that looked perfect but when I took a closer look I realized they wanted an unpaid intern for 40 hours a week,” said Ramirez Rojas, who’s focusing her career toward mental health and hopes to work as a therapist in the future. “I thought that was insane.”

Ramirez Rojas’s experience is not unique. Women are consistently overrepresented in unpaid internships, data show. A recent study of students attending four-year colleges and universities in 2022  found that two-thirds of the graduating male respondents received paid internships compared to less than half of women, despite women representing 70% of the 2,140 seniors surveyed. The research, conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, is in line with other findings from previous years, suggesting that undergraduate work experiences might set the stage for pay inequality between men and women all along the course of their careers.

“Your past salary can be used as a benchmark for your future salary,” said Mary Gatta, the director of research and public policy at NACE. “If you were paid inequitably in previous jobs, you are then carrying that inequity forward.”

Ramirez Rojas, for one, describes herself lucky to have landed her current unpaid role at the American Red Cross, where she serves as a point of contact for veterans and their families. The internship is part-time, for three to six hours a week, which gives her time to earn income by working as a Starbucks barista. Paid internships in her field, Ramirez Rojas said, are scarce and typically reserved for graduate students.

To be sure, plenty of men also sign up for unpaid gigs, whether for non-profits or money-making businesses. Though the practice has come under fire in recent years for penalizing low-income students, research shows that 43% of internships by for-profit companies remain unpaid.

Students are sold on the idea that working for free is an unofficial rite of passage to networking opportunities and, eventually, high-paying employment. Their belief is not unfounded: Nearly four in five employers rank internships as their top recruitment strategy, according to NACE, which found that over 60% of 2022 graduates surveyed had at least one internship throughout their college career, compared to about 50% in 2008 and 17% in 1992.

Internship Pay by Gender

The problem with unpaid internships, though, is that they tend to lead to less secure job prospects than paid positions, both in terms of earning potential and career trajectory, data show. Paid interns were also more likely to receive a starting salary that was $20,000 higher than the median pay of those unpaid interns that were offered full-time roles. That helps explain why women tend to earn about $11,000 less than their male counterparts in their first year out of college.

This inequality begins years ahead of the so-called “motherhood penalty,” when woman’s pay tends to suffer a second blow from undertaking child-rearing responsibilities. Women are also 14% less likely to get promoted than men, according to a study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The wage gap at the internship level, the data suggest, tends to set a precedent for career-long discrimination that makes it harder for women to advance in male-dominated industries like finance or tech.

Read More:  Some Wall Street Interns Are Raking in $120 an Hour This Summer

Research indicates that pay discrepancies held up “whether you’re majoring in chemistry or English,” said Kelli Smith, assistant vice president for student success at Binghamton University, who co-authored one of the few existing studies on the influence of student backgrounds and academic majors on participation in paid internships.

The paper concluded that the majors with the lowest odds of receiving paid internships corresponded to fields like education, social services and health — all dominated by women. But pay inequality was even visible within the same field of study: Of the majors with the most paid internships — engineering, physical sciences, mathematics, computer science and business — only 73% of women earned pay for their internship, compared with 86% of men.

Intern Pay by Academic Major

A study from 2018 asked current and former United Nations interns to reflect on their work experience. It found that unpaid internships pale in comparison to paid gigs in categories such as quality of supervision and support as well as meaningfulness of tasks performed.

While none of the paid interns remembered doing grunt work, such as fetching coffee or making copies, almost 5% of unpaid interns carried out such tasks at some point during their employment. Meanwhile, paid interns were guided by clear learning objectives in most cases, whereas only a quarter of unpaid interns remembered receiving such direction.

For now, though, students are mostly fending for themselves. “I would like to see a change,” said Ramirez Rojas. She has faith that her next job will be a paid one. In the meantime, she plans to learn all she can from her current internship to make herself stand out in the hiring process.